Use of IT various fields

 The information technology is playing a vital role in almost every areas of society now. It is used in private and public sectors, scientific institutes, business and commercial applications as well. Some of the important fields of applications are outlined below: 

i) IT in Business:

IT comes in handy in organising the employees records in an organization to prepare the payroll in no times.Stock and inventory control are maintained in systematic manner. Information to a customer's query is being provided instantly and so on

ii) Online Reservation:

The seat-details of airlines and railways are kept in a central computer. Many terminals just having a keyboard and a display unit are attached to this central computer. The client wants to book a seat, enters the required information through the keyboard. After the booking is complete, the computer generates a hard copy of the ticket through the printer and displays the information on the monitor(soft copy). Maintenance of waiting list, cancellation of booking and reallocation of seats are done with clinical precision and speed through a computer system.

iii) Computer in Bank:

Owing to globalisation, Banking System in India has reformed to face the challenge of stiff competition from inland and overseas banks. Major reformation is brought about by incorporating Inforamtion Technology in to the system. Core-Banking, ATMs, Electronic Fund Transfer, MICR technology, etc are some of the IT enabled services presently in use in banking sectors.

Core-banking is a concept, where a large number of branches are electronically connected to carry out almost all the activities of the banks. ATMs have relieved the customers of physically going to the bank counters to withdraw or deposit cash and check their account balance. Electronic Fund Transfer is possible with the same manner of ATM withdrawl by using smart cards with a pass word. MICR technology has revolutionised the cheque clearing system of different banks from days to minutes. The innovation of banking system is actually the most important social gift of Information Technology.

iv) Point of sale Terminal : (PoS)

The Point of Sale terminals process repeated transactions,like -deposits of cheques, payment of monthly bills with speed and accuracy. These terminals may be any thing from ordinary telephone reciever to high speed electronic cash register. A POS terminal allows a customer to pay for the items purchased with automatic account details. ATM machines are good examples of POS terminals.

v) Education:

Now in every day life the computers are used to help children to learn and teachers to teach. Also it provides wide range of subjects that is followed by schools.

Computers make learning for all provide immediate replies to the learners. They can be programmed to provide help in almost all subjects.

Computers are used as a powerful teaching tool which provides both text and graphics that increase the understand ability of learners.

Word processing programs are used to help us with our writing.

Educational game programs are designed to help children to develop their thinking and skills and provide more fun. The game programs contain simulation and models to provide imaginary world through which the children could learn, decision making and consequence of their decisions. Some children are taught programming language like Logo and Basic. There are programming toys that can help to control computers and use simple programming language.

Programs can be educational and entertaining. Home PC is a powerful motivation and powerful tool which provides various programs for reading, languages, science, music, art, mathematics and social statistics.

Computer data band provide wide range of subjects which acts as a resource in teaching and learning at all levels of education.

The computer can provide instructions and ask questions to the user. This kind of activity is called CAL (Computer Aided Learning) or CAI (Computer Aided Instruction)

vi) Medicine:

The sick and the disabled, who cannot come out of their residence, get medical services through IT, over network processing. Even they get consultation, prescriptions and guidance from concerned doctors through the network. This provides not only medical relief but also mental healing.

Tele-surgery allows one to consult with the specialist on demand and difficult operations can be performed at local hospital. This can be achieved through remote and conferencing capabilities.

Doctors use computer as a diagnostic tool. Patients are examined at various screening centres around the country. The test equipment is linked to the computers for automatic transfer of test results. Through an expert system in a computer diagnosis is done.

vii) Entertainment:

Now a day's computers are used for listening music, watching movies and playing games. We can get Video CD or Audio CD. Some of the major uses in Entertainment are as follows:

Virtual Reality:ALITY:

The virtual reality (VR) is used to describe user's interfaces like Head-Mounted display, ordinary graphics display on conventional CRTs and text-based Multimedia game.

The text VR systems were used for VR.Morton Heiling developed a machine called the sensorama, which involved all at the senses except taste in a virtual motorcycle ride through Manhattan. Early flight simulates were created virtual environment with out using computer. They used movies, live videos or T.V cameras. Interactive Video:

Interactive video deals with interactive T.V and Video-On-Demand, Interactive TV research concentrate on cable and public television where concentrates television. on Video-On-Demand computer-oriented

Interactive TV:

Interactive TV provides TV viewer to participate interactively for watching TV, one of the examples is in an educational program several educational standards could be selected and extra tutorials could be requested.

Interacted TV applications are required different type of technological solutions and interactive programs need to be transmitted on ordinary channels. For this viewer has to subscribe special cable TV channels as telecommunication service.

Video on Demand:

Through Video-On-Demand (VOD) applicants are provided to access video information from many video servers.

VOD systems include many components useful for giving complete services components are video server, administration and maintenance systems, networking systems, networking services, networks for linking distributed video servers and set of units for receiving video for playing video.

VOD service is an asymmetrically switched service. In which views are provided with video material and are received on demand, which is a real time response to demand.

The major application of VOD as video library uses interactive VOD. It allows gaining access to VOD. "Help" is experts program that dignosis the heart disease of patients. Puff expert program is used for lung functions, caduceus is a generalised package evaluates over 4,000 symptoms and recognises over 600 diseases.

The monitoring systems in hospital are used to watch over patients suffer from heart attacks and surgery.

Games:

The Modern computer game provides audio vision and facilities, games based on interaction between user and the computer. Electronic games can be stored on a local computer or remote computer; games are placed in an interactive environment, with audio-video components with advanced technology such as movies components and virtual reality components.

Now-a-days many networks games are popular e.g. counter strike, which provide facility to play game in network over LAN or remote locations, where many players play same game interactively. The game can be one-to-one or terminal sharing games with two players or more, where players have different input devices and they play at a time.

Tele-games provide interaction between players to play remotely.

Animation:

de The animation is an art of giving life to still images. This provides better entertainment to the children. Many popular animated movies are micky and Donald, Ramayana etc.

viii) Office Automation:

In Office Automation System all documents are created and maintained with the help of computer terminals. The entire office records including those of main branch offices are on the fingertips of all level of employees in an office. Apart from office information other services provide by automations of office are Airline Service, Telephone Service, Transport, Library, fire alarm system, air-conditioning, electric and water supply.

• Office automation refers to the following areas of application:

• Word Processing.

• Spread Sheet.

• Database.

• Electronic mail.

• Networking.

Word Processing:

Word processing application provides advantages to group words to form document, which a book. may form a letter, a note, or a poem of

Modern word processing document is going through several activities.

Writing of draft or handwritten document.

Editing draft for spelling error, letters or words.

• Adding or inserting new words, sentences, or paragraphs.

• Delete matter-which does not look so good.

• The document with space, margins and centring. 

• Found production of finish document,

• MultiMate, IBM's display write, Microsoft word etc.

Spreadsheet:

It is just like the electronic representation of data regarding account's ledger, paper in the form of rows and columns. Spread sheet program provides facilities for plotting graphs in a variety of ways. It is generally an official tool, which aid in decision making. The spreadsheet includes analytical tools for use by bankers, stock brokers, marketing and financial personnel for economic forecasting.

Various spread sheet soft wares are LOTUS 1-2-3, MICROSOFT'S EXCEL, MICROSOFT'S MULTIPLAN and SOFTEC'S SOFT-CALC etc.

Database:

Data have important role in today's application, large amount of data needs to be processed and stored, are kept in memory area is known as Database.

Database consists of large amount of data and programs for accessing data, which helps in storing and retrieval of information.

Various examples of databases are Fox pro, Dbase, Oracle, DB2 and Microsoft's Access etc.

Electronic Mail (e-mail):

Messages sent to long distances by using computer based electronic system. Previously messages were sent through telephones and telegrams and teleprinters, but those methods were noisy and slow compare to electronic mail. During 1981 it was too cost to send Electronic messages but now the cost has dropped. Such systems are manufactured by IBM.

E-Mail is of three types -

a) E-mail documents transmission.

b) Voice Mail.

c) Facsimile transmission (FAX)

E-mail Documents transmission:

It is the electronic method of document transmission and message exchange E-mail system is used to transmit the information from one computer to another over thousand miles apart from each other. The message is transmitted through telephones dedicated lines, microwave link as through satellite. The message can be sent simultaneously to several terminals in different cities at a time. 

Voice mail:

Voice mail is a modified version of e mail system; this is somehow more user friendly system. We have to speak our message on the tape recording media. Message distributed there on can denote the computer in digital electronic form after a user has left his call on the terminal. The message shall be transferred to remote terminal at another site or sites at appropriate time. This method of message sending works better when large number of employees makes conversation with each others. 

Facsimile Transmission (FAX)

This system allows transfer of contents of a document over an ordinary telephone line. Through Fax textual and photographs can also be transmitted. The document or written message is scanned by photo copier machine and converted in to digital form and transmitted to desired destination without any delay. Telephone line with dialling instrument and a Fax is required for message conversation.

Networking:

By using different networking system many computers get connected and computers located in various places of an office can communicate with each other. The documents located in devices are shared by all other devices. It provides managerial decision-making information. The connection in an office by using LAN (Local Area Network) apposite various branches located in different remote locations is connected by using WAN (Wide Area Network).

IX) Research and Development:

Computers are used widely in educational research. Educational research includes functions relating to information gathering and processing. The teacher/researcher may examine student performance data in new and revealing ways. Bibliographic citations of studies performed by educators around the world can be acquired and perused from the desktop computer.

We can access research information through the internet. Now a day, Internet is a major tools for research and development, many sites in internet provide information about current research topics and so far developed topics. One of the site conducting this type of research and development program is computer society of India. With the help of information system we can check current information and also we can add our own information developed by us.

Through Video Conferencing research personnel can discuss about the research topics. Email also can be used for communicating information. Online books and research materials help in our research work.